[Antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Scopulariopsis species]. / Sensibilidad a antifúngicos de especies de Scopulariopsis de origen clínico.

INTRODUCTION: Scopulariopsis is a common soil saprophyte. In the last years the infections caused by Scopulariopsis species have increased, included superficial and invasive mycoses. This fungi has been reported resistant in vitro to some antifungal agents, although there is little information about this. The aim of the study was to establish in vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Scopulariopsis species against to broad-spectrum antifungal agents. METHODS: A total of 28 Scopulariopsis strains (10 S. brevicaulis, 7 S. koningii, 3 S. acremonium, 3 S. candida, 3 S. flava, 1 S. brumptii and 1 S. fusca) were tested using Sensititre Yeast One and broth microdilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole and 5-fluorocytosine, and minimun effective concentration (MECs) to anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin. RESULTS: Our data confirm the high in vitro resistance of Scopulariopsis to antifungal agents. Anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin (MICs ≥ 8 mg/L), 5-fluorocytosine (MICs ≥ 64 mg/L), and fluconazole (MICs ≥ 128 mg/L) were inactive in vitro in all species. MICs of amphotericin B (range 2 to ≥ 8 mg/L) and itraconazole (0.5 to ≥ 16 mg/L) were high. The best antifungal activity was observed for posaconazole and voriconazole (0.5 to ≥ 8 mg/L). With Sensititre Yeast One method MICs obtained slightly lower. Scopulariopsis candida, S. flava and S. fusca were the most resistant species, while S. acremonium and S. brevicaulis showed the lowest MICs. CONCLUSIONS: MICs of all tested antifungal agents for Scopulariopsis were very high. Infections caused by Scopulariopsis species may not respond to antifungal treatment. Voriconazole is the drug of choice for treatment. We consider it appropriate to add amphotericin B in serious infections.

Tubercoulosis en el área sanitaria de Cádiz: Evolución de la resistencia durante los úlitmos 15 años / Tuberculosis in Area Health of Cádiz, Spain: Evolution of Resistance during the Last 15 Years

Introducción: La tuberculosis sigue siendo frecuente en el mundo y la Resistencia constituye un problema importante. Este trabajo presenta los casos diagnosticados por cultivo con (..) (AU)

Introduction: Tuberculosis remains prevalent worldwide, and drug resistance is an important problem. This report presents the results of the study (..) (AU)

[Dermatophytoses due to anthropophilic fungi in Cadiz, Spain, between 1997 and 2008]. / Dermatofitosis por hongos antropofílicos en Cádiz (1997-2008).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cutaneous fungal infections are a major public health problem. The distribution of the dermatophytoses varies between countries and geographical areas. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, epidemiology, etiology, and clinical course of the dermatophytoses caused by anthropophilic fungi in Cadiz, Spain, over the past 12 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study, conducted between 1997 and 2008, included 2,235 samples from lesions of the skin, hair, and nails of 2,220 patients with a clinical suspicion of mycosis. Samples were examined by microscopy using potassium hydroxide and were cultured on mycological media. The dermatophytes were identified by their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. RESULTS: Cultures were positive in 283 cases (12.7%). Anthropophilic dermatophytes (53.3%) were more common than zoophilic (41.3%) and geophilic (5.3%) dermatophytes. Trichophyton rubrum (38.2%) was the predominant pathogen isolated, followed by Microsporum canis (22.3%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15.5%). Five other species of anthropophilic fungi were identified: Trichophyton tonsurans (5.6%), Trichophyton violaceum (4.9%), Epidermophyton floccosum (2.8%), Trichophyton soudanense (1.0%), and Trichophyton schoenleinii (0.7%). Infections caused by the anthropophilic fungi included tinea unguium (29.1%), tinea corporis (25.8%), tinea pedis (19.2%), tinea cruris (11.9%), tinea capitis (5.3%), and tinea faciei (3.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The principal fungus responsible for dermatomycosis in Cadiz was T. rubrum, and its incidence has been rising since 2000. The prevalence of other anthropophilic fungi, such as T. tonsurans and T. violaceum, has increased, though this is not directly related to immigration. E. floccosum, T. soudanense, and T. schoenleinii are isolated occasionally.

Dermatofitosis por hongos antropofílicos en Cádiz (1997–2008) / Dermatophytoses due to anthropophilic fungi in Cadiz, Spain, between 1997 and 2008

Introducción y objetivos: Las infecciones cutáneas producidas por hongos constituyen un importante problema de salud pública. La distribución de las dermatofitosis varía en diferentes países y áreas geográficas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la epidemiología, etiología y evolución de las dermatofitosis por hongos antropofílicos en Cádiz durante los últimos 12 años. Material y métodos: El estudio se realizó de 1997 – 2008 sobre 2.235 muestras de lesiones de piel, pelo y uñas de 2.220 pacientes con sospecha clínica de micosis. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante examen microscópico con hidróxido potásico y cultivo en medios micológicos. Los dermatofitos se identificaron de acuerdo con las características macroscópicas y microscópicas. Resultados: El cultivo fue positivo en 283 muestras (12,7%). Los dermatofitos antropofílicos (53,3%) predominaron sobre los zoofílicos (41,3%) y geofílicos (5,3%). Trichophyton rubrum (38,2%) fue el patógeno más frecuente, seguido de Microsporum canis (22,3%) y Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15,5%). Se identificaron otras cinco especies de hongos antropofílicos: T. tonsurans (5,6%), T. violaceum (4,9%), Epidermophyton floccosum (2,8%), T. soudanense (1,0%) y T. schoenleinii (0,7%). Las infecciones por hongos antropofílicos fueron onicomicosis (29,1%), tiña corporal (25,8%), tiña del pie (19,2%), tiña crural (11,9%), tiña del cuero cabelludo (5,3%) y tiña facial (3,3%). Conclusiones: El principal responsable de dermatofitosis en Cádiz es Trichophyton rubrum. Su incidencia es ascendente desde el año 2000. Otros hongos antropofílicos como T. tonsurans y T. violaceum son cada vez más prevalentes, aunque no están directamente relacionados con la inmigración. Epidermophyton floccosum, T. soudanense y T. schoenleinii se aíslan ocasionalmente (AU)

Background and objectives: Cutaneous fungal infections are a major public health problem. The distribution of the dermatophytoses varies between countries and geographical areas. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, epidemiology, etiology, and clinical course of the dermatophytoses caused by anthropophilic fungi in Cadiz, Spain, over the past 12 years. Material and methods: The study, conducted between 1997 and 2008, included 2,235 samples from lesions of the skin, hair, and nails of 2,220 patients with a clinical suspicion of mycosis. Samples were examined by microscopy using potassium hydroxide and were cultured on mycological media. The dermatophytes were identified by their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Results: Cultures were positive in 283 cases (12.7%). Anthropophilic dermatophytes (53.3%) were more common than zoophilic (41.3%) and geophilic (5.3%) dermatophytes. Trichophyton rubrum (38.2%) was the predominant pathogen isolated, followed by Microsporum canis (22.3%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15.5%). Five other species of anthropophilic fungi were identified: Trichophyton tonsurans (5.6%), Trichophyton violaceum (4.9%), Epidermophyton floccosum (2.8%), Trichophyton soudanense (1.0%), and Trichophyton schoenleinii (0.7%). Infections caused by the anthropophilic fungi included tinea unguium (29.1%), tinea corporis (25.8%), tinea pedis (19.2%), tinea cruris (11.9%), tinea capitis (5.3%), and tinea faciei (3.3%). Conclusions: The principal fungus responsible for dermatomycosis in Cadiz was T. rubrum, and its incidence has been rising since 2000. The prevalence of other anthropophilic fungi, such as T. tonsurans and T. violaceum, has increased, though this is not directly related to immigration. E. floccosum, T. soudanense, and T. schoenleinii are isolated occasionally (AU)

Aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de la peritonitis fúngica en diálisis peritoneal / No disponible

La peritonitis es una de las complicaciones más graves dela diálisis peritoneal. Las bacterias son las responsables de la mayoría de los casos. La infección fúngica es infrecuente, pero se asocia con una alta morbilidad, con la imposibilidad de continuar en el programa de diálisis y con un importante índice de mortalidad. Su incidencia varía del 1% al 10% de los episodios de peritonitis en niños y del 1% al 23% en adultos. Su presentación clínicas similar a la de la peritonitis bacteriana. Los factores predisponentes de peritonitis fúngica no han sido establecidos con claridad; los episodios previos de peritonitis bacteriana y el tratamiento con antibióticos de amplio espectro han sido descritos a menudo en la literatura. Las especies de Cándida son los patógenos más habituales y Candida albicans la más frecuente, pero en la última década se ha observado una alta prevalencia de Candida parapsilosis. El diagnóstico microbiológico es fundamental para determinar la etiología y prescribir el tratamiento, que suele requerir, además de la terapia antifúngica, la retirada del catéter peritoneal y la consecuente transferencia a hemodiálisis. Fluconazol y anfotericina B son los antifúngicos recomendados; los nuevos fármacos como voriconazol y caspofungina han demostrado tener también una granutilidad. El propósito de esta revisión sistemática ha sido analizar los aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de la peritonitis fúngica, los cuales son poco conocidos y han cambiado en los últimos años (AU)

Peritonitis is one of the most serious complications of peritoneal dialysis. Pathogenic bacteria cause the majority of cases of peritonitis. Fungal infection is rare but it is associated with high morbidity, the inability to continue on the dialysis program and a high mortality rate. Its incidence ranges from 4% to 10% of all peritonitis episodes in children and from 1% to 23% in adults. Its clinical presentation is similar to bacterial peritonitis. Until now, predisposing factors of fungal peritonitis have not been clearly established; the history of bacterial peritonitis episodes and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics have been often reported in literature. Candida species were the most common pathogens and Candida albicans was the most frequent, but high prevalence of Candida parapsilosis has been observed in the last decade. Microbiological findings are essential to determine the etiology of peritonitis. Successful management of fungal peritonitis requires antifungal therapy, the removal of the peritoneal catheter and the subsequent transfer to hemodialysis. Fluconazole and amphotericin B are recommended as antifungal agents. New drugs such as voriconazole and caspofungin are very effective. The aim of this systematic review has been to analyse the clinical and microbiological aspects of fungal peritonitis, as they are not well known and have changed in the last few years (AU)

Peritonitis fúngica en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria: descripción de 10 casos / No disponible

Antecedentes: La peritonitis fúngica es una complicación infrecuente pero grave en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria (DPCA). Métodos: Durante un período de 10 años (1999-2008), de un total de 175 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en tratamiento con DPCA, estudiamos retrospectivamente 10 casos de peritonitis fúngica, analizando los factores predisponentes, aspectos clínicos, agentes etiológicos y tratamiento. El diagnóstico se estableció por la presencia de efluente peritoneal turbio con recuento superior a 100 leucocitos/µl y aislamiento de hongos en el cultivo microbiológico. Resultados: La peritonitis fúngica representó un 3,6% del total de peritonitis. Nueve pacientes tenían historia de peritonitis bacteriana previa y todos habían recibido antibioterapia. Otros hallazgos destacables fueron: edad superior a70 años (50%) y diabetes mellitus (40%). El examen microscópico del líquido peritoneal fue de utilidad para sospechar la infección en 6 pacientes (60%). Los agentes responsables de peritonitis fueron: Candida parapsilosis (4), C. albicans(2), C. tropicalis(1), C. glabrata (1), C. famata (1) y Fusarium oxysporum(1). Los antifúngicos utilizados en el tratamiento fueron: fluconazol intraperitoneal y oral, vorizonazol intravenoso y oral y anfotericina B intravenosa. A consecuencia de la infección fúngica, 8 pacientes fueron transferidos a hemodiálisis. Un paciente murió antes de ser diagnosticado y otros tres durante el episodio de peritonitis. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con episodios de peritonitis bacteriana previos y tratamiento antibiótico presentaron un mayor riesgo de desarrollar peritonitis fúngica. C. parapsilosis fue el patógeno más frecuente. El tratamiento antifúngico junto con la retirada del catéter peritoneal fue eficaz en el 60% de los pacientes (AU)

Background: Fungal peritonitis is a rare but serious complication in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD). Methods: During a ten-year period (1999-2008), from a total of 175 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing CAPD, we retrospectively studied 10 cases of fungal peritonitis analyzing the predisposing factors, clinical aspects, etiological agents and treatment. Diagnosis was based on elevated CAPD effluent count(>100/µl) and isolation of fungi on culture. Results: Fungalperitonitis represented 3.6% of all peritonitis episodes. Nine patients had a history of previous bacterial peritonitis and all of them were under antibiotic therapy. Other common findings were: age higher than 70 years old (50%) and diabetes mellitus(40%). Direct microscopic examination of the peritoneal fluid was useful for the suspicion of fungal infection in six patients(60%). The responsible agents for peritonitis were: Candidaparapsilosis (4), C. albicans (2), C. tropicalis (1), C. glabrata (1), C.famata (1) and Fusarium oxysporum (1). Intraperitoneal and oralfluconazole, intravenous and oral voriconazole and intravenousamphotericin B were the antifungal agents used in the treatment. As a result of fungal infection, eight patients were transferred to hemodialysis. One patient died before the diagnosis and three other during the episode of peritonitis. Conclusions: Patients with previous bacterial peritonitis and antibiotic treatment were at greater risk of developing fungal peritonitis. C. parapsilosis was the most common pathogen. For the successful management of fungal peritonitis besides the antifungal therapy, peritoneal catheter removal was necessary in60% of patients (AU)

[Clinical and microbiological aspects of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis]. / Aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de la peritonitis fúngica en diálisis peritoneal.

Peritonitis is one of the most serious complications of peritoneal dialysis. Pathogenic bacteria cause the majority of cases of peritonitis. Fungal infection is rare but it is associated with high morbidity, the inability to continue on the dialysis program and important mortality. Its incidence varies from 4% to 10% of all peritonitis episodes in children and from 1% to 23% in adults. Its clinical presentation is similar to bacterial peritonitis. Until now, predisposing factors of fungal peritonitis have not been clearly established; history of bacterial peritonitis episodes and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics have been often reported in the literature. Candida species were the most common pathogens and Candida albicans was the most frequent, but high prevalence of Candida parapsilosis has been observed in the last decade. Microbiological findings are essential to to determine the etiology of peritonitis. Successful management of fungal peritonitis requires antifungal therapy, the removal of peritoneal catheter and the subsequent transfer to hemodialysis. Fluconazole and amphotericin B are recommended as antifungal agents. New drugs as voriconazole and caspofungin are very effective. The aim of this systematic review has been to analyse the clinical and microbiological aspects of fungal peritonitis, as they are not well known and have changed in the last few years.

[Fungal peritonitis in ambulatory continuous peritoneal dialysis: description of 10 cases]. / Peritonitis fúngica en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria: descripción de 10 casos.

BACKGROUND: Fungal peritonitis is a rare but serious complication in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). METHODS: During a ten-year period (1999-2008), from a total of 175 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing CAPD, we retrospectively studied 10 cases of fungal peritonitis analyzing the predisposing factors, clinical aspects, etiological agents and treatment. Diagnosis was based on elevated CAPD effluent count (>100/microl) and isolation of fungi on culture. RESULTS: Fungal peritonitis represented 3.6% of all peritonitis episodes. Nine patients had a history of previous bacterial peritonitis and all of them were under antibiotic therapy. Other common findings were: age higher than 70 years old (50%) and diabetes mellitus (40%). Direct microscopic examination of the peritoneal fluid was useful for the suspicion of fungal infection in six patients (60%). The responsible agents for peritonitis were: Candida parapsilosis (4), Candida albicans (2), Candida tropicales (1), Candida glabrata (1), Candida famata (1) and Fusarium oxysporum (1). Intraperitoneal and oral fluconazole, intravenous and oral voriconazole and intravenous amphotericin B were the antifungal agents used in the treatment. As a result of fungal infection, eight patients were transferred to hemodialysis. One patient died before the diagnosis and three other during the episode of peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with previous bacterial peritonitis and antibiotic treatment were at greater risk of developing fungal peritonitis. Candida parapsilosis was the most common pathogen. For the successful management of fungal peritonitis besides the antifungal therapy, peritoneal catheter removal was necessary in 60% of patients.

[In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole against Candida glabrata]. / Actividad in vitro de posaconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol, ketoconazol y voriconazol frente a Candida glabrata.

This study has been conducted to asses the in vitro activity of the novel triazole antifungal agent posaconazole against 123 clinically important isolates of yeasts. Susceptibility was tested using the Sensititre YeastOne microdilution commercial method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined at the recommended endpoints and time intervals. The activity of posaconazole against Candida glabrata was compared with those of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole. The most susceptible species to posaconazole were C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis. Candida glabrata was the least susceptible. The percentage of strains with MIC for posaconazole >or= 1 mg/L was 9%, all of them were C. glabrata. The species with MIC for itraconazole >or= 0.5 mg/L were 36% (41 C. glabrata, 1 C. krusei, 1 C. guilliermondii, 1 C. ciferrii). Candida glabrata strains resistant to fluconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole were 8%, 4% and 4%, respectively. Posaconazole exhibited good activity to the majority of Candida species. However, it was similar to itraconazole and less active than ketoconazole and voriconazole against C. glabrata.

Activity of BAL 4815 against filamentous fungi.

OBJECTIVES: BAL 4815 is a new antifungal drug and it is the active component of the antifungal triazole BAL 8557 (the water-soluble precursor). We studied the in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of BAL 4815 against 103 clinical isolates of filamentous fungi, including 51 isolates of Aspergillus spp. and 52 isolates of non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi. METHODS: We evaluated the in vitro activity of BAL 4815 against 51 isolates of Aspergillus spp., 20 isolates of dematiaceous fungi, 18 isolates of hyaline Hyphomycetes and 14 isolates of Zygomycetes. MICs were determined following the CLSI M38-A broth microdilution method, using RPMI 1640 medium buffered to pH 7.0 with MOPS. Microdilution plates were incubated at 35 degrees C and read at 24 and 48 h (Mucorales were read at 24 h). Minimal fungicidal concentrations were also determined. RESULTS: For all isolates, geometric mean MICs, MIC(50)s, MIC(90)s and MIC ranges (mg/L) were: Aspergillus spp., 1.67, 2, 4 and 0.5-4; dematiaceous fungi, 1.62, 1, >8 and 0.03 to >8; hyaline Hyphomycetes, 2.41, 2, >8 and 0.03 to >8; and Zygomycetes, 6.81, 8, >8 and 0.03 to >8. Differences in susceptibility between genera were noted. Scedosporium prolificans, Fusarium spp., Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. (MIC(90) > 8 mg/L) were less susceptible than Aspergillus spp. (MIC(90) = 4 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: BAL 4815 has excellent in vitro activity against Aspergillus spp. and variable activity against other filamentous fungi.

Sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de micobacterias de crecimiento rápido / Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of rapidly growing mycobacteria

Las micobacterias de crecimiento rápido no cromógenas se asocian con frecuencia a infecciones humanas diseminadas y localizadas. Hemosdeterminado la sensibilidad in vitro a seis antimicrobianos de uso habitual de 40 cepas (17 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 11 M. chelonae y 12M. abscessus) aisladas de diversas fuentes clínicas: 29 secreciones respiratorias, cinco abscesos cutáneos, cuatro úlceras corneales y dos orinas,de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Puerta del Mar, de Cádiz. El estudio de sensibilidad se realizó por el método de microdilución encaldo frente a amikacina, claritromicina, ciprofloxacino, levofloxacino, imipenem y cefoxitina. Los resultados sugieren que la amikacina es elantimicrobiano más efectivo para el tratamiento de las infecciones producidas por micobacterias de crecimiento rápido no cromógenas. Laclaritromicina y el imipenem presentan buena actividad frente a M. fortuitum y M. abscessus, pero no frente a M. chelonae. Las quinolonassolamente son efectivas frente a M. fortuitum. En las infecciones por micobacterias de crecimiento rápido es importante identificar el agenteetiológico para determinar el tratamiento más apropiado(AU)

Rapidly growing mycobacteria are often associated with human diseases. We investigated the in vitro susceptibilities of 40 isolates to six antimicrobialagents: 17 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 11 M. chelonae and 12 M. abscessus isolated from several human sources: 29 respiratorysecretions, 5 cutaneous abscesses, 4 corneal ulcers and 2 urine samples of patients treated at “Hospital Puerta del Mar” (Cádiz). Susceptibilitystudies were determined by the broth microdilution method for amikacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, imipenem and cefoxitin.Results suggest that amikacin is the most effective antimicrobial agent for treating infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria.Clarithromycin and imipenem show good activity against M. fortuitum and M. abscessus, but not against M. chelonae. Quinolones are onlyeffective against M. fortuitum. It’s important to identify, in rapidly growing mycobacteria infections, the etiologic agent to determine correcttreatment(AU)

[Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of rapidly growing mycobacteria]. / Sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de micobacterias de crecimiento rápido.

Rapidly growing mycobacteria are often associated with human diseases. We investigated the in vitro susceptibilities of 40 isolates to six antimicrobial agents: 17 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 11 M. chelonae and 12 M. abscessus isolated from several human sources: 29 respiratory secretions, 5 cutaneous abscesses, 4 corneal ulcers and 2 urine samples of patients treated at "Hospital Puerta del Mar" (Cádiz). Susceptibility studies were determined by the broth microdilution method for amikacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, imipenem and cefoxitin. Results suggest that amikacin is the most effective antimicrobial agent for treating infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clarithromycin and imipenem show good activity against M. fortuitum and M. abscessus, but not against M. chelonae. Quinolones are only effective against M. fortuitum. It's important to identify, in rapidly growing mycobacteria infections, the etiologic agent to determine correct treatment.

Determinación de factores de patogenicidad en cepas clínicas de Rhodotorula / Determination of pathogenicity factors in clinical strains of Rhodotorula

Rhodotorula ha sido implicada como agente etiológico dediversas infecciones, sobre todo en pacientes inmunocomprometidos,ya que esta levadura solamente llega a ser patógenaen determinadas circunstancias. En este estudio se determinanlos factores de patogenicidad implicados en las infecciones poresta levadura. Ensayamos un total de 50 muestras clínicas deRhodotorula, investigando las enzimas hidrolíticas esterasa,fosfatasa ácida, proteinasa y fosfolipasa. Todas las cepas mostraronpositividad para fosfatasa ácida; sin embargo la actividadpara las otras enzimas fue negativa. La ausencia de actividadde las enzimas proteinasa y fosfolipasa confirma la escasapatogenicidad del género Rhodotorula

Rhodotorula has been implicated as the ethiologic agent ofhuman infections mainly in immunocompromised patients,because this yeast only became pathogen in special circumstances.This study has been carried to determinate the virulencefactors implicated in the infections by this yeast. A total of50 strains of Rhodotorula isolated from clinical samples werestudied. Hidrolytic enzymes esterase, acid phosphatase, proteinaseand phospholipase were performed. All strains showedpositivity to acid phosphatase. However the activity to otherenzymes was negative. The absence of enzymatic activity toproteinase and phospholipase confirm the limited pathogenicityof the Rhodotorula genus

Linfangitis nodular causada por Mycobacterium marinum / Mycobacterium marinum nodular lymphangitis

No disponible

Estudio genotípico de un brote por Acinetobacter baumannii en una Unidad de Medicina Intensiva / Genotypic study of Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an Intensive Care Unit

Comunicamos un brote epidémico de infección por Acinetobacterbaumannii en una unidad de Medicina Intensiva de 22días de duración, identificado mediante estudio genotípico delas cepas responsables. Analizamos 22 cepas de A. baumannii pertenecientes a 17 pacientes, mediante las técnicas de biología molecular ERIC-PCR y RAPD. El análisis genómico identificó6 clones. El clon 2 fue el predominante, englobando a 9 cepas resistentes a carbapenemes. El clon 2 fue causante del brote epidémico por su aislamiento en los fómites y en el personal sanitario. La edad de los pacientes y el tratamiento antibiótico previo fueron los principales factores de riesgo para la adquisición de la infección

We report an epidemic outbreak by Acinetobacter baumanniiin an intensive care unit in a period of 22 days; it was identified by genotypic study of responsible strains. We analysed22 strains of A. baumannii in 17 patients, by molecular methods ERIC-PCR and RAPD. Genomic analysis revealed 6clones. Type 2 was the most frequent clone, that it includes 9carbapenems resistant strains. Clone 2 was cause of epidemic ut break because it was isolated in fomites and health care workers. Age and previous antibiotic treatment were the principal risk factors to acquire the infection

Úlcera de Buruli: una enfermedad emergente / Buruli's ulcer: an emerging disease

No disponible